| Gertrude Barrows Bennett | |
|---|---|
| Born | Gertrude Mabel Barrows 1883 Minneapolis |
| Died | 1948 |
| Pen name | Francis Stevens |
| Occupation | Writer, stenographer |
| Nationality | American |
| Genres | Science fiction and fantasy |
| Notable work(s) | The Citadel of Fear (1918) The Heads of Cerberus (1919) 'Claimed (1920) |
| Spouse(s) | Stewart Bennett |
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Gertrude Barrows Bennett (1883–1948) was the first major female writer of fantasy and science fiction in the United States, publishing her stories under the pseudonym Francis Stevens.[1] Bennett wrote a number of highly acclaimed fantasies between 1917 and 1923[2] and has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy."[3] Among her most famous books are Claimed (which H. P. Lovecraft called "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read")[4] and the lost world novel The Citadel of Fear. Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel, The Heads of Cerberus (1919).[2]
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Gertrude Mabel Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1883. She completed school through the eighth grade,[1] then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator (a goal she never achieved). Instead, she began working as a stenographer, a job she held on and off for the rest of her life.[5]
In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett, a British journalist and explorer, and moved to Philadelphia.[1] A year later her husband died while on an expedition. With a new-born daughter to raise, Bennett continued working as a stenographer. When her father died toward the end of World War I, Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother.[1]
During this time period Bennett began to write a number of short stories and novels, only stopping when her mother died in 1920.[5] In the mid 1920s, she moved to California. Because Bennett was estranged from her daughter, for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939 (the date of her final letter to her daughter). However, new research, including her death certificate, shows that she died in 1948.[5]
Bennett wrote her first short story at age 17, a science fiction story titled "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar." She mailed the story to Argosy, then one of the top pulp magazines. The story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue.[1]
Once Bennett began to take care of her mother, she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family.[1] The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella "The Nightmare," which appeared in All-Story Weekly in 1917. The story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world, on which evolution has taken a different course. "The Nightmare" resembles Edgar Rice Burroughs' The Land That Time Forgot, itself published a year later.[1] While Bennett had submitted "The Nightmare" under her own name, she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published. The magazine's editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested (Jean Vail) and instead credited the story to Francis Stevens.[1] When readers responded positively to the story, Bennett chose to continue writing under the name.[1]
Over the next few years, Bennett wrote a number of short stories and novellas. Her short story "Friend Island" (All-Story Weekly, 1918), for example, is set in a 22nd century ruled by women. Another story is the novella "Serapion" (Argosy, 1920), about a man possessed by a supernatural creature. This story has been released in an electronic book entitled Possessed: A Tale of the Demon Serapion, with three other stories by her. Many of her short stories have been collected in The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy (University of Nebraska Press, 2004).[6]
In 1918 she published her first, and perhaps best,[7] novel The Citadel of Fear (Argosy, 1918). This lost world story focuses on a forgotten Aztec city, which is "rediscovered" during World War I.[8] The novel was praised by H. P. Lovecraft in a letter to the editor of Argosy, where the story was originally serialized.[9] It was in the introduction to a 1952 reprint edition of the novel which revealed for the first time that "Francis Stevens" was Bennett's pen-name.
A year later she published her only science fiction novel, The Heads of Cerberus (The Thrill Book, 1919). One of the first dystopian novels, the book features a "grey dust from a silver phial" which transports anyone who inhales it to a totalitarian Philadelphia of 2118 AD[2]
One of Bennett's most famous novels was Claimed (Argosy, 1920; reprinted 1966 and 2004), in which a supernatural artifact summons an ancient and powerful god to 20th century New Jersey.[8][10] Lovecraft called the novel, "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read").[4]
Bennett has been credited as having "the best claim at creating the new genre of dark fantasy."[3] As such, Bennett's writings influenced both H. P. Lovecraft and A. Merritt,[1] both of whom "emulated Bennett's earlier style and themes."[1] As for Merritt, for several decades critics and readers believed "Francis Stevens" was a pseudonym of his. This rumor only ended with the 1952 reprinting of Citadel of Fear, which featured a biographical introduction of Bennett by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach.[11]
Critic Sam Moskowitz said she was the "greatest woman writer of science fiction in the period between Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and C.L. Moore."[1]
Because Bennett was the first American woman to have her fantasy and science fiction widely published, she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneering female fantasy author.[10]